Rene Descartes The Proof for the Obvious. The Existence of the Truth Is Questioned

Believing fully, regardless of any scientific or logical means of proving the idea wrong is pretty much the basis of any faith. In a slight departure from arguing whether the Creator actually exists or is merely a figment of people’s imagination, Rene Descartes preferred touching upon the reasonability of faith, i.e., believing in God.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rene Descartes: The Proof for the Obvious. The Existence of the Truth Is Questioned specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taking a closer look at the arguments that the philosopher offered, one can possibly figure out whether they make a completely coherent and logical string of ideas or if there are certain issues that slipped their attention. However, there is an even more interesting idea in Descartes’ Mediator’s train of thoughts, namely, the rejection of the ultimate truth. Descartes claims the following: Nevertheless, the belief that there is a God who is all powerful, and who created me, such as I am, has, for a long time, obtained steady possession of my mind. How, then, do I know that he has not arranged that there should be neither earth, nor sky, nor any extended thing, nor figure, nor magnitude, nor place, providing at the same time, however, for [the rise in me of the perceptions of all these objects, and] the persuasion that these do not exist otherwise than as I perceive them ? (Descartes) Hence, the fact that people perceive the everyday reality the only possible right way is questioned. To put it in a more simple language, one can no longer be one hundred percent sure that what people call a red color is truly red. Thus, not only the qualities, but also the existence of the elements of the everyday world is questioned. If stretched to its logical maximum, the given idea leads to the suggestion that the entire world is merely a figment of someone’s imagination. Even though Descartes argues the absurdity of the given idea by saying â€Å"I think, therefore, I exist† (â€Å"Cogito ergo sum† (Descartes)), it can be still argued that one’s thoughts are the exact proof of the existence of reality. According to Descartes, a single idea produced by a human being proves the fact of the existence. However, if pushing the question of reality as it is even further, one can suggest that the thought itself can actually be an element of a dream, like one of those fantastic dream sequences that people have. To put it simple, the thoughts and ideas that people have can actually be the part of someone else’s well-planned reality, like the elements of a strategy game. Therefore, it is clear that the arguments which Descartes offers are rather provocative. Even though they drive to the commonly known â€Å"I think; therefore, I exist† (Descartes), they still leave a lot of food for thoughts. Raising the question of whether the world is a reality or me rely a part of someone’s consciousness triggers a range of the most intriguing issues to discuss, such as what happens when the supposed dreamer wakes up or starts dreaming about another universe.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Intense and thought-provoking, the idea that the world might be not actually what people see it, but something quite different might seem absurdly plausible, may actually turn true. Vast and truly immense, a world is filled with riddles, and mistaking while tying to understand it is the only way to approach the truth. Works Cited Descartes, Rene, n.d., Meditations on First Philosophy. 28 Sept. 2012. https://oregonstate.edu/. This essay on Rene Descartes: The Proof for the Obvious. The Existence of the Truth Is Questioned was written and submitted by user Trevor Frye to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Multicultural

In today’s society, many Americans feel the need to pursue the â€Å"American Dream†. The American Dream is most commonly associated with success, freedom, and happiness. This concept seems to have dwindled from where it was in past generations. It has gone from success, freedom, and happiness to having lots of money and the nicest possessions. To achieve the status of being successful, many feel that the best way to reach their goal is to receive the best education they can get. Education in the early nineteenth century was thought of to be essential in the prosperity and survival of the nation. The philosophy at the time was that education would build a better society and it would enable the nation to compete better with other countries. In the next century, that same philosophy carried over. But the attitude towards education was not the same as it was in the previous century. The quality of education declined due to many different reasons. To bring the quality of ed ucation back up, America in the twenty-first century should turn to a â€Å"multicultural† education system. With the diversity in the United States, it would be more beneficial to the nation. After the American Revolution, the founders of the United States argued that education was essential for the prosperity and survival of the new nation. Thomas Jefferson was the first American leader to suggest a publicly funded school system. In 1779, he proposed an education plan that would have supported free schooling for all children in the state of Virginia for three years. The best students from this group would continue in school at public expense through adolescence. The most advanced of these students would go on to publicly funded colleges. Jefferson's proposal was never enacted and his idea of selecting the best and brightest students for special advantage failed to gain widespread support. However, Jefferson's plans for universal education and for publicly funded schoo... Free Essays on Multicultural Free Essays on Multicultural In today’s society, many Americans feel the need to pursue the â€Å"American Dream†. The American Dream is most commonly associated with success, freedom, and happiness. This concept seems to have dwindled from where it was in past generations. It has gone from success, freedom, and happiness to having lots of money and the nicest possessions. To achieve the status of being successful, many feel that the best way to reach their goal is to receive the best education they can get. Education in the early nineteenth century was thought of to be essential in the prosperity and survival of the nation. The philosophy at the time was that education would build a better society and it would enable the nation to compete better with other countries. In the next century, that same philosophy carried over. But the attitude towards education was not the same as it was in the previous century. The quality of education declined due to many different reasons. To bring the quality of ed ucation back up, America in the twenty-first century should turn to a â€Å"multicultural† education system. With the diversity in the United States, it would be more beneficial to the nation. After the American Revolution, the founders of the United States argued that education was essential for the prosperity and survival of the new nation. Thomas Jefferson was the first American leader to suggest a publicly funded school system. In 1779, he proposed an education plan that would have supported free schooling for all children in the state of Virginia for three years. The best students from this group would continue in school at public expense through adolescence. The most advanced of these students would go on to publicly funded colleges. Jefferson's proposal was never enacted and his idea of selecting the best and brightest students for special advantage failed to gain widespread support. However, Jefferson's plans for universal education and for publicly funded schoo...

5 Types of Hyphenation Errors with Numbers

5 Types of Hyphenation Errors with Numbers 5 Types of Hyphenation Errors with Numbers 5 Types of Hyphenation Errors with Numbers By Mark Nichol Mistaken insertion or omission of hyphens in phrasal adjectives that involve quantities is a common error. The following sentences illustrate several types of incorrect usage to avoid. 1. In his most successful season, he made 13-of-16 field goals. In the context of sports, in a simple reference to a number of attempts achieved, hyphenation is extraneous: â€Å"In his most successful season, he made 13 of 16 field goals.† The exception is when an â€Å"x-for-y† phrase stands on its own (as an adverb) in place of an â€Å"x of y† phrase serving as an adjective for a noun or noun phrase describing the results: â€Å"Smith went 4-for-5 to lead the team to victory.† 2. The team’s efforts to repeat the successes of the previous season were stymied by a 57-day long players’ strike. This sentence describes a long players’ strike consisting of 57 days, but that’s not quite what it is intended to mean. The strike was 57 days long, and that combination of numbers and words, not just the first two elements, constitutes the phrasal adjective describing the players’ strike: â€Å"The team’s efforts to repeat the successes of the previous season were stymied by a 57-day-long players’ strike.† 3. The 6 acre town is situated in a small valley between rolling hills. The number and the unit of measurement together provide information about the town, so the two elements of this phrasal adjective should be hyphenated: â€Å"The 6-acre town is situated in a small valley between rolling hills.† 4. Smith is still expected to rake in enough votes to clear the 15-percent threshold to get a share of the delegates. An expression of a percentage that modifies a noun, unlike a similar-looking reference to a dimension (â€Å"15-foot threshold†) or a dollar amount (â€Å"fifteen-dollar threshold†), is not hyphenated: â€Å"Smith is still expected to rake in enough votes to clear the 15 percent threshold to get a share of the delegates.† 5. A study says that his grammar skills are equivalent to that of 10 and 11 year olds. This type of description, in which only the head (the first element) of a phrasal adjective appears when a parallel and complete phrasal adjective follows (indicating that the two heads share the body that follows the second head), is often styled incorrectly. Because the correct format is â€Å"x-year-olds† (with an implied noun following this phrasal adjective, making the phrase itself a noun), the full phrase should be hyphenated, and a hyphen should follow the first head to indicate that it shares year and olds with the second number: â€Å"A study says that his grammar skills are equivalent to that of 10- and 11-year-olds.† (Note that letter spaces precede and follow and.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases8 Writing Tips for BeginnersMay Have vs. Might Have

The Effects of Brand Management (Global and Domestic) on the Internet Research Paper

The Effects of Brand Management (Global and Domestic) on the Internet - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that the activity of brand management is equally important for both domestic and global brands as the prime objective of every organization, whether operating nationally or internationally, is similar, i.e. to increase profit margin through sales. Hence, in order to fulfill this aim, every organization attempts to offer high concentration over the concept of branding of products. Branding also improves the position of a particular product thereby improving its sustainability in future times. Besides, in this era of modernization and industrialization, the process of brand management, both in case of domestic and global concept, has developed as quite easier being restructured. Majorly, this is due to emergence of Information Technology (IT) which has eased the process of marketing of the products and /or services. Moreover, introduction of IT enhanced the passion of the Internet which offered a considerable impact on brand management in today’s context. Hence, it can be affirmed that introduction of Internet services has not only augmented the brand portfolio of business concerns but has also alleviated the efficiency of a product both in domestic and global scenario. Riezebos, Rizebos, Kist, and Kootstra describe brand management as the process which offers a detailed perception about a particular brand of an enterprise. Brand management is an art of performing various research processes in order to introduce inventive features in the brand. The main objective behind this type of procedure is to offer innovative products along with modern facets and thus retain its position in this competitive market. In addition, with the help of branding, brand equity along with customer tastes and preferences can also be analyzed in an effective way. This facilitates in improving both the tangible and intangible aspects of a brand, which enhances its stability and consistency in the market. Thus, branding is mainly important in order to provide the message to the targeted customers regarding a particular brand. This would at large enhance loyalty and help to establish an emotional relationship

Describe and then critically analyze a recently published Article

Describe and then critically analyze a recently published pathophysiology research - Article Example There are two main species of malaria worldwide which cause the majority of cases. Plasmodium vivax has been considered for a long time as a benign and self-limited species, while Plasmodium falciparum is the species known to cause serious disease and death. Plasmodium vivax accounts for the majority of malaria cases in the Brazilian Amazon region. Recently there have been reports that malaria caused by P. vivax may be as severe as P. falciparum. The complications of P. vivax infection represent a significant global health menace, which needs focused efforts to work for its resolution. In severe falciparum malaria, as in many other systemic infections, most of the pathology that is described seems to be a consequence of an intense inflammatory response, produced by a pathological over-activation of the immune system and excessive cytokine release. However, there have been no previous studies on the inflammatory and immunological status of both mild and severe vivax malaria disease. I n order to understand the immunopathological events in vivax malaria, and to differentiate its pathophysiology from P. falciparum, it is important to explore the pattern of cytokines released in patients suffering from P. vivax malaria. Discussion The purpose of the study by Andrade et al. was to investigate the inflammatory and immunological status of both mild and severe vivax malaria cases, and compare them, in order to understand the immunopathological events in malaria by Plasmodium vivax infection. The researchers conducted the study in south-western part of Brazilian Amazon, which has an unstable transmission of malaria. They determined the active and passive cases of malaria, in both healthy people and those visiting the hospital. They included in their study patients with malaria admitted at the Buritis Municipal Hospital, and approached individuals, aged 15 – 70 years, with home visits, who lived in high malaria transmission areas. They took an interview from the pa rticipants who agreed to be a part of the study with questions about the symptoms of malaria – fever, chills, jaundice, etc. They also took venous blood samples from the participants for investigations. These investigations included peripheral blood smear and PCR for malaria diagnosis, and inflammatory markers’ blood levels: plasma cytokines IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). They also measured ALT, creatinine, and C reactive protein (CRP) levels in the blood. They then analyzed the data and used chi-square test and Spearman’s correlation to compare the inflammatory markers’ levels between patients with severe malaria, non-severe malaria, and asymptomatic infection with P. vivax. They reported from their results that patients with severe P. vivax infection were younger, had lived for a shorter period of time in the endemic area of malaria, and had experienced less previous malaria episodes than individuals with no malari a infection or asymptomatic infection. Strong linear trends were found to associate inflammatory markers with severe disease. Increasing plasma levels of CRP, serum creatinine, bilirubin, TNF and IFN-gamma were associated with increasing disease severity. These laboratory parameters of organ dysfunction and inflammatory cytokines started to decrease in the patients with

Physics of the Heart

Physics of the Heart Electrocardiography Electrocardiography is the recording of the electrical of the heart by a non-invasive procedure. This is possible because the body is an electrical conductor, the ECG machine acts as a voltmeter and voltage time characteristics are measured by attaching electrodes to the patient`s skin. Electrical impulses created by the conducting tissue of the heart are picked up. The Sino Atrial Node (a small area of heart that triggers muscle contraction, acting as a pacemaker) is located at the top of the right atrium and sends a wave of electrical activity down the right atrium. Another wave of electrical activity is sent by the Atrioventricular node down the Bundle of His once the electrical activity by the SAN is received. There is a small delay before the AVN sends a wave of electrical activity, this is to allow the atria to empty fully before the ventricles contract. The ECG machine detects and amplifies electrical impulses (waves of depolarisation) initiated by the SAN. Each of the heart muscle cells in the body have a negative charge (at rest); this is called the membrane potential. The muscle cells have a negative charge because an active transport mechanism in the cell membrane maintains an excess of cations on the outside, and an excess of anions inside. This means there is a potential difference across the membrane. In the heart it is typically about 70 mV for atrial cells and 90 mV for ventricular cells. Decreasing the negative charge towards zero, via the flooding of cations (Na+ and Ca2+) into the cell, is called ‘depolarisation’ which ultimately causes the cell to contract. A healthy heart will have a distinctive wave of depolarisation that is: initiated by the SAN, spreads out through the atria, reaches the atrioventricular node and spreads all over the ventricles. The potential difference due to the heart`s electrical activity is measured by two electrodes (one positive and one negative). If the electrical impulse travels towards the positive electrode the result is a positive deflection. If the impulse travels way from the positive electrode the result is a negative deflection. Electrodes are typically placed on the arms, left leg and one or more over the heart. This helps to minimise signals from other muscle cells in the body. This can help a cardiologist to understand what is happening in different parts of the heart. The electrical impulses are translated into a waveform. The resulting ECG trace has a distinctive shape with sections that are labelled P, Q, R, S and T. Abnormalities in the shape of the wave are used to identify heart problems such as irregular contractions of the heart. The heart has a zero potential difference across it, the contraction of the atria produces a P wave (The PQ interval represents the delay to allow the ventricles to fill). The contraction of the ventricles then produces the QRS complex. Finally the T wave shows the relaxation of the ventricles. The period (R-R interval) is the time between adjacent peaks in the ECG trace. In a healthy person this varies by up to 10% between each heart beat. Heart rate is determined by averaging over multiple heart beats (Heart rate = 1/average period). The heart rate in beats per minute is equal to the frequency in hertz (Hz) x 60. The Physics of the Artificial Heart In artificial hearts (such as the one made by AbioCor), the electronic kit is implanted in the abdomen of the person receiving the transplant to monitor and regulate the pumping of the artificial electronic heart. Power is supplied from an external battery pack to components inside the patient, without penetrating the skin, using inductive electromagnetic coupling. A principal similar to this is used by transformers in the national grid. The internal battery can provide up to 40 minutes of power when disconnected from the external battery pack, for when the patient may want to have a shower for example. In transformers, an electrical current passes through a wire wound around a core, called the primary coil. Another wire is wound around the same core, this is called the secondary coil. If the two coils have the same number of turns around the core, it allows the primary coil to pass an exact copy of its electrical current to the secondary coil. These types of transformers are normally called ‘isolation transformers’. This allow two circuits to be electrically coupled, without the two circuits actually coming into direct physical contact. The image on the left shows a typical isolation transformer but the one used in this case is considerably smaller in size. The patient is constantly moving so it is quite difficult to keep the two coils aligned. This is important because the correct level of energy needs to be transferred via the wireless energy transfer system so that there is no excess transferred as heat to the surrounding tissue of the patient`s body; this could cause serious damage. Also the components need to be small enough to be carried around without too much discomfort. Furthermore, the artificial heart needs to be able to monitor the flow of blood to maintain its pumping action and make sure the correct amount of blood is being pumped. The rate of the pumping of the blood needs to be altered when the patient requires more or less oxygen, for example more oxygen is required during higher rates of respiration. Blood-flow monitors make use of ultrasound; ultrasound is used because the flow of blood can be monitored without having to be in contact with it. High-frequency sound waves are reflected off red blood cells coming out of the heart. The volume and speed of the blood can be measured using similar principles to those behind radar. The movement of these red blood cells, either towards or away from the transmitted waves, results in a frequency shift (due to the Doppler Effect) that can be measured. This data can help the system to determine the speed and direction of blood flow in the heart. Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiography http://www.iop.org/education/teacher/resources/teaching-medical-physics/electrocardiograms/page_56316.html http://www.thh.nhs.uk/documents/_departments/undergraduates/year3/ecg.pdf http://faraday.physics.utoronto.ca/IYearLab/EKG.pdf https://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090924041312AAJIBOM http://www.iop.org/resources/topic/archive/heart/ http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-inductive-coupling.htm http://www.iop.org/resources/topic/archive/no-fly/index.html http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/everyday-innovations/artificial-heart1.htm http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/doppler-effect3.htm Steve Parker (2009).The Concise Human Body Book. London: Dorling Kindersley Limited. p154-155. Adam Hart-Davis (Editor-in-Chief) (2009).Science, The Definitive Visual Guide. London: Dorling Kindersley Limited. p406-407, p448. Word Count (excluding Bibliography and Headings): 991

Role Model

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr Dr Martin Luther King Jr is my role model because he dedicated his life to helping the civil rights movement. He’s someone that I look up to because of his strong will power perseverance, and determination. Dr King’s worldview was to have equal rights and opportunities for all people despite what their nationality was. I share the same worldview as Dr King in regards to equal rights and standing for what you believe in. Dr King wanted to world to evolve in its way of thinking because he saw firsthand how African Americans were being treated.Dr King is my role model because he fought to change my history. Dr King didn’t only want to see a change happen for his self and others but also for his family. He had a wife Coretta and four children; these were the people who he wanted to see change happen for the most. After King’s death is family wanted to keep his legacy alive because they knew he stood for a good cause. According to the article A king family tribute â€Å"Family and friends remember Dr. King as a role model and dedicate themselves to his mission. Watkins, Dr.King's niece, has assembled their writings and excerpts from their speeches. All pay tribute to his spirit, abiding faith and dedication to the cause of civil rights, and they affirm their own commitment to â€Å"following the path he walked,† as his nephew, Derek B. King, states. King's father's remarks are excerpted from his autobiography. Dr King is my personal role model because is stood for what he believed in. Dr king helped shape my worldview because through his hard work he’s shown me that nothing worth fighting for comes easy.I think a lot of people look over the fact that Dr King wasn’t just trying to change the race problem it stood of many different social issues. In the article Martin Luther King Jr conception of freedom and radical democracy the author states that â€Å"king came to believe that the civil ri ghts struggle needed to expand beyond just racial desegregation in this country, He began to raise his voice against racism militarism, and economic exploitation around the world†. This is another reason why I look up to him because he didn’t only focus on one hing that needed to be changed so saw the importance of these issues and wanted to change them. Dr. king had a career as a pastor which is why I feel he never gave up believing in what he thought was right. The article Martin Luther King cover story gives background on his life â€Å"King was a preacher who spoke in biblical cadences ideally suited to leading a stride toward freedom that found its inspiration in the Old Testament story of the Israelites and the New Testament gospel of Jesus Christ.Being a minister not only put King in touch with the spirit of the black masses but also gave him a base within the black church, then and now the strongest and most independent of black institutions†. Like Dr Kin g I believe that everyone should have the right to freedom and equal rights ; However, I don’t know if I could have endured the things that Dr king had to. Once Dr King was thrown in jail because of his protest, I think if I knew I could go to jail because I was protesting I wouldn’t protest.On the other Dr King who have pathed the way for me to be able to use my freedom of speech. I would want to be brave and stand for what I believe in for myself and my family just as King did. Reference MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. A King Family Tribute. (2012). Kirkus Reviews, 80(24), 222. Orosco, J. M. (2001). Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s Conception of Freedom and Radical Democracy. Journal Of Social Philosophy, 32(4), 386-401. White, J. E. (1998). Martin Luther King. (Cover story). Time, 151(14), 160.